On March 14, 2025, Pakistan faced a severe security crisis when insurgents hijacked the Jaffar Express train in Balochistan province. The attackers, identified as members of the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA), sabotaged railway tracks, forcing the train to stop. Subsequently, they took approximately 400 passengers hostage in a standoff that lasted over 30 hours. At least 25 hostages were killed, including civilians and security personnel, before the Pakistani military launched an operation, successfully rescuing 339 passengers and neutralising all 33 insurgents.
KEY ACTORS
Baloch Liberation Army (BLA):
The BLA, a separatist militant organization, claimed responsibility for the attack. The group has been waging an insurgency for greater autonomy and control over Balochistan's rich natural resources. The train hijacking was a high-profile act of insurgency aimed at drawing attention to their grievances and destabilizing the region.
The Pakistani military and Government:
The Pakistani military led the counter-operation, ensuring the safe rescue of most hostages. The government, led by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, condemned the attack and reinforced its commitment to combating terrorism.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONFLICT ANALYSIS
Balochistan, Pakistan’s largest yet least developed province, has been a hotspot for separatist movements for decades. The region, despite its vast reserves of natural gas, minerals, and strategic importance, has long suffered from economic neglect and political marginalization. Successive Pakistani governments have struggled to integrate Balochistan into the national fold, often resorting to military crackdowns rather than inclusive political solutions.The Baloch nationalist movement has its roots in grievances over resource exploitation and lack of autonomy. The province contributes significantly to Pakistan’s economy, yet locals see little benefit. Infrastructure projects such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) have further inflamed tensions, as many Balochs feel these projects benefit external actors, particularly China and Pakistan’s central government while bypassing the local population.
Additionally, enforced disappearances and military operations against Baloch activists have deepened resentment. Insurgent groups like the BLA have used this to justify armed resistance, portraying themselves as defenders of Baloch rights. However, their attacks on civilians, infrastructure, and security forces have led to widespread condemnation. Without a comprehensive conflict resolution strategy that addresses these root causes, Balochistan risks remaining in a cycle of violence. Military actions may suppress insurgent activities temporarily, but without economic and political inclusion, grievances will persist, fueling further unrest.
The hijacking underscores the urgent need for conflict resolution measures that go beyond military crackdowns. Drawing from conflict resolution principles, as outlined in research on terrorism and peacebuilding, a comprehensive strategy should involve:
- Addressing Grievances Through Political Dialogue:
The Pakistani government should engage Baloch political groups and moderate factions in dialogue to address
their socio-economic and political concerns. Without meaningful engagement, military responses alone risk
perpetuating cycles of violence. - Enhancing Indigenous Development:
Economic marginalization is a major driver of insurgency. Development projects in Balochistan must prioritize local ownership, employment opportunities, and equitable resource distribution to build trust and reduce recruitment into militant groups. - Involving Civil Society and Local Leaders:
Conflict resolution research suggests that successful peacebuilding requires the inclusion of indigenous third parties. Engaging tribal elders, community leaders, and civil society organizations can help bridge gaps between the state and disenfranchised groups. - Creating Alternative Narratives and Symbolism:
Insurgent groups often thrive on narratives of victimhood and resistance. The government must counteract these narratives through media, education, and community outreach that emphasize peaceful coexistence and the benefits of national unity.
The train hijacking in Quetta highlights the persistent security and political challenges in Balochistan. While military responses are necessary for immediate threat neutralization, they are insufficient for long-term stability. A holistic approach combining political dialogue, economic development, and community engagement is crucial for resolving the Balochistan insurgency and preventing future attacks. Without addressing the root causes of discontent, Pakistan risks continued cycles of violence in its most volatile province.